[Effect of COVID-19 pandemics in treatment of cervical cancer: pre/post study]. / Efecto de COVID-19 en el tratamiento del cáncer cervicouterino: estudio antes/después.

INTRODUCTION: Little evidence exists on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemics on the compliance with cervical cancer treatment. METHODS: We carried out a population-based, before-and-after retrospective cohort study of all cervical cancer patients diagnosed in the Jujuy province public health sector (n=140), Argentina, between 2017 and 2020. Patients diagnosed in 2020 were considered exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic (n=21). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the relationship between the pandemics and compliance with treatment. We also measured treatment duration for women who were indicated brachytherapy and time to treatment initiation by stage. RESULTS: Compared with women diagnosed in 2017-2019 the odds ratio of non-complying with treatment was 1.77 (95%CI 0.59-5.81; p = 0.32) for women diagnosed during 2020. An increased risk of non-compliance was found in patients with prescribed brachytherapy (OR 4.14. 95%CI 1.95-9.11; p < 0.001). Median treatment duration for women with prescribed brachytherapy was 12.8 and 15.7 weeks in 2017-2019 vs. 2020 (p = 0.33); median time to treatment initiation for women with early-stage disease was 9 and 5 weeks during 2017-2019 and 2020 respectively (p = 0.06), vs 7.2 and 9 weeks in 2017-2019 and 2020 respectively (p = 0.36) for patients with stages IIB+ disease. CONCLUSIONS: Low access to brachytherapy was a major determinant of non-compliance. irrespective of the effect of the pandemics.

Introducción: Hay escasa evidencia sobre el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el cumplimiento del tratamiento de cáncer cervicouterino. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio poblacional de cohorte retrospectivo. ­antes/después­ de las pacientes con cáncer cervicouterino diagnosticadas en establecimientos públicos de la provincia de Jujuy (n = 140), entre 2017 y 2020. Las pacientes diagnosticadas en 2020 se consideraron expuestas a la pandemia (n = 21). Utilizamos la regresión logística multivariada para analizar la asociación entre pandemia y cumplimiento del tratamiento de cáncer. Además, se midió la duración del tratamiento en aquellas con indicación de braquiterapia y el tiempo hasta el inicio al tratamiento según estadio. Resultados: Comparadas con las mujeres diagnosticadas en 2017-2019 el odds ratio de incumplimiento del tratamiento fue de 1.77 (IC95% 0.59-5.81; p = 0.32) para las diagnosticadas durante 2020. Se encontró un mayor riesgo de incumplimiento en pacientes con indicación de braquiterapia (OR 4.14; IC 95%:1.95-9.11; p < 0.001). La mediana de duración del tratamiento para aquellas con indicación de braquiterapia fue de 12.8 y 15.7 semanas en 2017-2019 y 2020 respectivamente (p = 0.33). La mediana de tiempo hasta el inicio del tratamiento para pacientes con enfermedad en estadio temprano fue de 9 y 5 semanas durante 2017-2019 y 2020 respectivamente (p = 0.06), versus una mediana de 7.2 y 9 semanas en 2017-2019 y 2020 respectivamente (p=0.36) para las pacientes con enfermedad en estadio IIB+. Conclusiones: El bajo acceso a la braquiterapia fue un factor determinante de incumplimiento de tratamiento de cáncer cervicouterino, independientemente del efecto de la pandemia.

Development and Usage Patterns of a Home-Grown Drug Information Tool.

Drug information tools help avoid medication errors, a common cause of avoidable harm in health care systems. We sought to describe the design, development process and architecture of an electronic drug information tool, as well as its overall use by health professionals. We developed a tool that can be accessed by all health professionals in a tertiary level university hospital. The functionalities of eDrugs are organized into two main parts: Drug Summary sheet, and Prescription Simulator. Most users accessed eDrugs to use the Drug summary sheet. Clinical information and antimicrobial drugs were the most accessed drug information and drug group. The analysis of log data provides insights into the information priorities of health professionals.

Granulomatous mastitis with erythema nodosum: A breast cancer mimicking entity.

We present the case of a 42-year-old Hispanic patient who consulted with a left breast mass that showed clinical and imaging signs of breast cancer. During preprocedural examination before needle biopsy, the patient was found to have bilateral, purplish-brown skin lesions on her lower legs, suggestive of erythema nodosum. This clinical finding raised the diagnostic suspicion of granulomatous mastitis, which was later confirmed by histopathology. Granulomatous mastitis is a rare, nonmalignant entity that should be considered in patients of childbearing age who present with a breast mass. The coexistence with erythema nodosum contributes to the clinical suspicion of granulomatous mastitis; the mechanism of this association and the optimal treatment approach remain unknown.

Assessing the implementation fidelity of HPV self-collection offered by community health workers during home visits (the EMA strategy): a case study in a low-middle-resource setting in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: In Argentina, HPV self-collection offered by community health workers was demonstrated to be effective to improve cervical cancer screening uptake. Based on these findings, the EMA strategy was scaled up in nine Argentinian provinces. However, there is no evidence about the degree of fidelity-in relation to the core components proposed by the National Program on Cervical Cancer Prevention-with which this strategy was implemented in the new jurisdictions. We carried out a fidelity evaluation of the EMA strategy scaling-up aimed at evaluating the level of adherence to the core components of the EMA strategy, and how different moderating factors affected the implementation fidelity. METHODS: This descriptive study used a multi-method approach involving quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the implementation fidelity using the Conceptual Framework for Implementation Fidelity. Evaluation of the degree of adherence to the core components of the EMA strategy was carried out through the analysis of a self-administered survey of health promoters, observations, and secondary data from the National Screening Information System. The analysis of moderating factors was carried out through analysis of field notes, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. RESULTS: Our results showed that the core components with highest fidelity were training, sample handling, and transportation. Regarding the offer of HPV self-collection, we found some adaptations such as locations in which health promoters offered HPV self-collection, and fewer pieces of information provided to women during the offer. In the follow-up and treatment core component, we found a reduced adherence to triage and colposcopy. Some contextual factors had a negative impact on implementation fidelity, such as urban insecurity and the reduction in the number of health promoters that offered HPV self-collection. Moderating factors that contributed to achieve high level of fidelity included a well-defined strategy with clear steps to follow, permanent feedback and high level of engagement among implementers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows how the analysis of fidelity and adaptations of HPV self-collection in real-world contexts are key to measure and maximize its effectiveness in low-middle-income settings.

Using Informatics Framework in Immunosuppressed or Transplanted Patients for a Preferential Care Route at the Emergency Department.

For immunosuppressed or transplanted patients, appropriate triage is a timely topic, especially in the Emergency Department (ED) of a high-volume referral center. We implemented a new Program called Rapid Clinical Care by Internal Medicine Specialists, as a preferential care route for these patients, which combines the proposed informatics framework in the field of total quality management in the healthcare units, as an example of digital technologies that can improve processes in the clinical routine. Our study aimed to describe waiting-time and attention-time in ED and to explore the effect on patients' clinical outcomes after discharge. Findings were: shortened waiting time (median of 8 minutes versus 21, p<0.001), improved ED on-call time (median of 2 hours compared to 4, p<0.001), and greater follow-up after discharge, measured as 1-week scheduled-visits rate (69% with 95%CI 63-75; compared to 43% with 95%CI 35-51; p<0.001).

An Online Community for Patient with Psoriasis with Built-in Self-Reported Questionnaires.

This study presents an online psoriasis community developed with dermatologists in a PHR. We describe the interaction of users with this platform and the relationship between the use of self-report questionnaires, their results and users' subsequent contact with the healthcare system. Out of 2175 users that interacted with the platform, 477 visited the forums. 60% of those who completed questionnaires presented at least one abnormal result that prompted a recommendation for an outpatient visit. Although our data suggest a trend, we failed to find a statistically significant association between questionnaire severity and visits scheduling. To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the relationship between patient self-reported disease severity and the subsequent contact with the healthcare system.

Chest x-ray automated triage: A semiologic approach designed for clinical implementation, exploiting different types of labels through a combination of four Deep Learning architectures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The multiple chest x-ray datasets released in the last years have ground-truth labels intended for different computer vision tasks, suggesting that performance in automated chest x-ray interpretation might improve by using a method that can exploit diverse types of annotations. This work presents a Deep Learning method based on the late fusion of different convolutional architectures, that allows training with heterogeneous data with a simple implementation, and evaluates its performance on independent test data. We focused on obtaining a clinically useful tool that could be successfully integrated into a hospital workflow. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on expert opinion, we selected four target chest x-ray findings, namely lung opacities, fractures, pneumothorax and pleural effusion. For each finding we defined the most suitable type of ground-truth label, and built four training datasets combining images from public chest x-ray datasets and our institutional archive. We trained four different Deep Learning architectures and combined their outputs with a late fusion strategy, obtaining a unified tool. The performance was measured on two test datasets: an external openly-available dataset, and a retrospective institutional dataset, to estimate performance on the local population. RESULTS: The external and local test sets had 4376 and 1064 images, respectively, for which the model showed an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve of 0.75 (95%CI: 0.74-0.76) and 0.87 (95%CI: 0.86-0.89) in the detection of abnormal chest x-rays. For the local population, a sensitivity of 86% (95%CI: 84-90), and a specificity of 88% (95%CI: 86-90) were obtained, with no significant differences between demographic subgroups. We present examples of heatmaps to show the accomplished level of interpretability, examining true and false positives. CONCLUSION: This study presents a new approach for exploiting heterogeneous labels from different chest x-ray datasets, by choosing Deep Learning architectures according to the radiological characteristics of each pathological finding. We estimated the tool's performance on the local population, obtaining results comparable to state-of-the-art metrics. We believe this approach is closer to the actual reading process of chest x-rays by professionals, and therefore more likely to be successful in a real clinical setting.

Cáncer cervicouterino en Jujuy: Descripción de casos y evaluación de cumplimiento de tratamiento oncológico / Cervical Cancer in Jujuy province: description of cases and evaluation of compliance with oncological treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer cervicouterino (CC) es la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres. Las demoras en el tratamiento se asocian a un peor control de la enfermedad. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir las características de mujeres con diagnóstico de CC en la red pública de Jujuy y evaluar el grado de cumplimiento del tratamiento oncológico. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectiva de mujeres con diagnóstico de CC en 2015 y 2016 en el Hospital Pablo Soria (centro de derivación provincial). Se registraron las fechas de las principales modalidades terapéuticas: cirugía, quimioterapia, radioterapia y braquiterapia. Se definió la duración recomendada de tratamiento según la literatura, considerando las diferentes combinaciones de terapéuticas (60, 90 o 120 días). RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 78 mujeres con diagnóstico de CC. Entre quienes presentaban indicación de tratamiento oncológico, el 64% (n=48) no cumplió con el tratamiento indicado, por no haberlo iniciado (n=17) o por concluirlo en un intervalo mayor al recomendado (n=31). Entre las mujeres que iniciaron tratamiento, 48% (n=28) lo finalizó a tiempo. Tener más de 5 hijos se asoció a incumplimiento de tratamiento con quimio-radioterapia. La modalidad de inicio más tardío fue la braquiterapia, que debía realizarse en otra provincia por falta de disponibilidad local. DISCUSIÓN: El cumplimiento subóptimo del tratamiento de CC continúa siendo un problema de salud pública

Cervical Cáncer in Jujuy province: description of cases and evaluation of compliance with oncological treatment / Cáncer cervicouterino en jujuy: descripción de casos y evaluación de cumplimiento de tratamiento oncológico

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN : El cáncer cervicouterino (CC) es la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres. Las demoras en el tratamiento se asocian a un peor control de la enfermedad. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir las características de mujeres con diagnóstico de CC en la red pública de Jujuy y evaluar el grado de cumplimiento del tratamiento oncológico. MÉTODOS : Se realizó un estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectiva de mujeres con diagnóstico de CC en 2015 y 2016 en el Hospital Pablo Soria (centro de derivación provincial). Se registraron las fechas de las principales modalidades terapéuticas: cirugía, quimioterapia, radioterapia y braquiterapia. Se definió la duración recomendada de tratamiento según la literatura, considerando las diferentes combinaciones de terapéuticas (60, 90 o 120 días). RESULTADOS : Se incluyó a 78 mujeres con diagnóstico de CC. Entre quienes presentaban indicación de tratamiento oncológico, el 64% (n=48) no cumplió con el tratamiento indicado, por no haberlo iniciado (n=17) o por concluirlo en un intervalo mayor al recomendado (n=31). Entre las mujeres que iniciaron tratamiento, 48% (n=28) lo finalizó a tiempo. Tener más de 5 hijos se asoció a incumplimiento de tratamiento con quimio-radioterapia. La modalidad de inicio más tardío fue la braquiterapia, que debía realizarse en otra provincia por falta de disponibilidad local. DISCUSIÓN : El cumplimiento subóptimo del tratamiento de CC continúa siendo un problema de salud pública.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION : Cervical cáncer (CC) is the fourth cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Delays in treatment are associated with worse disease control. The objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics of women with newly-diagnosed CC in the Argentine province of Jujuy, and to evaluate the degree of treatment compliance. METHODS : An observational retrospective cohort study was conducted on women with CC diagnosed at Hospital Pablo Soria (state-wide referral center in Jujuy) in 2015-2016. Dates of the main treatment modalities were registered (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and brachytherapy). Recommended treatment duration was extracted from the literature, considering the different treatment combinations (60, 90 or 120 days). RESULTS : A total of 78 women with CC were included. Of all women who were prescribed oncological treatment, 64% (n=48) showed inappropriate compliance, either due to not having started treatment (n=17) or due to delays in completion of treatment (n=31). Among women who initiated treatment, 48% (n=28) completed it on time. For women receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy, having more than 5 children was associated with treatment delays. Brachytherapy showed longer delays than other treatment modalities, due to lack of local availability and the need to travel to a different province for treatment. DISCUSSION : Suboptimal compliance with CC treatment remains a public health issue.

Breast pseudoaneurysm after core needle biopsy in a pregnant patient.

Breast pseudoaneurysm is an extremely rare complication of interventional breast procedures. Pregnancy and lactation are associated with increased breast vascularization, which may act as a risk factor. We present the case of a 36-year-old woman in the third trimester of a spontaneous twin pregnancy, who presented with a newly-detected BI-RADS 4 mass in her right breast. The patient requested not to defer a biopsy until after the pregnancy, and an ultrasound-guided breast core biopsy was performed. The patient presented bleeding during the procedure, but no hematomas or other vascular lesions were immediately detected. During follow-up, a breast ultrasound revealed an anechoic circumscribed mass and high-velocity blood flow. The color Doppler showed a spiral blood flow with the Yin-Yang sign, together with a communication channel between the sac and feeding artery. A diagnosis of breast pseudoaneurysm was made. The patient was managed conservatively, and breastfeeding continued normally. This case report highlights the importance of color Doppler in the detection of pseudoaneurysms, and the need to consider deferring invasive breast procedures in pregnant women when possible.

Evaluación de la segunda ronda de tamizaje con test de VPH en la provincia de Jujuy / Evaluation of the second round of screening with HPV test in the province of Jujuy

INTRODUCCIÓN En Argentina, el tamizaje con test de VPH fue introducido en 2012-2014 en el marco del Proyecto Demostración Jujuy (PDJ) para las mujeres de 30 años y más. Las mujeres VPH- deben realizar una segunda ronda de tamizaje (o re-tamizaje) a los 5 años. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con evidencia acerca de la implementación del test de VPH en el largo plazo. OBJETIVOS 1. Evaluar la implementación de la estrategia de tamizaje con test de VPH de segunda ronda de tamizaje. 2. Caracterizar el perfil de las mujeres no adherentes al tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento en segunda ronda de tamizaje. METODOLOGÍA Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se realizó el análisis de datos secundarios provenientes del Sistema de Información para el tamizaje de la provincia d Jujuy. Se utilizó el marco conceptual RE-AIM (alcance, efectividad, adopción implementación y sustentabilidad). Se analizaron la características de las adherentes/no adherentes a la segunda ronda de tamizaje mediante el análisis de regresión logística. RESULTADOS El 47,9% de las mujeres registraron re-tamizaje a los 3 años y más (Alcance) y 13,3% lo realizaron a los 5 años (Implementación). El 69,2% de los centros de salud realizó re-tamizaje a los 5 años (adopción). 87,3% de las mujeres VPH+ en segunda ronda registró un Pap de triaje (94% toma dirigida/70% autotoma). 74% de mujeres ASCUS+ registró una colposcopia. 85% de las mujeres CIN2+ registraron tratamiento. La tasa de detección en segunda ronda fue de 5,1/1000 mujeres tamizadas (efectividad). El re-tamizaje de las tamizadas en 2015-2017 fue de 3,6% (Sustentabilidad). Las mujeres de hasta 35 años, con cobertura pública y que residen en San Salvador de Jujuy poseen mayor probabilidad de adherencia al re-tamizaje. DISCUSIÓN El re-tamizaje a 5 años de las mujeres VPH negativas fue bajo. La adherencia al triaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento en segunda ronda fue adecuado. Es necesario desarrollar estrategias para lograr mayores coberturas de re-tamizaje.

Association between non-attendance to outpatient clinics and emergency department consultations, hospitalizations and mortality in a Health Maintenance Organization.

BACKGROUND: Non-attendance to scheduled medical appointments in outpatient clinics is a problem that affects patient health and health-care systems. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate association of non-attendance to scheduled appointments in outpatient clinics and Emergency Department (ED) visits, hospitalizations and mortality. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of outpatients enrolled in 2015 to 2016 in the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires HMO with over five scheduled appointments. Individual non-attendance proportion was obtained by dividing missed over scheduled appointment numbers in the 365 days prior to index date. Outcomes were evaluated with a Cox proportional-hazards or Fine and Gray model for competing risks. We adjusted by several variables. RESULTS: Sixty-five thousand two hundred sixty-five adults were included. Mean age was 63.6 years (SD 18.16), 29.9% male. Outpatients had average 10.18 (SD 5.59) appointments. Non-attendance the year before the index appointment had a median of 20%. A 10% increase in non-attendance was significantly associated with ED visits (asHR 1.19; 95%CI 1.08-1.32, P < .001) and all-cause mortality (aHR 7.57; 95%CI 4.88-11.73, P < .001). In the matched subcohort analysis we observed a crude significant association of non-attendance with ED visits (P < .001) and all-cause mortality (P < .001). DISCUSSION: Our findings show non-attendance could be a marker of health events that lead to emergency department evaluations and/or death.

Diagnostic performance of shear wave elastography in discriminating malignant and benign breast lesions : Our experience with QelaXtoTM software.

STUDY AIMS: We sought to evaluate the diagnostic performance of quantitative elastography (shear wave elastography) and to establish the optimal cutoff value to differentiate malignant and benign breast lesions using QelaXtoTM software. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of adult women with suspicious breast lesions (BIRADS 3, 4 or 5) who underwent programmed ultrasound-guided core biopsies. Breast lesions were assessed using quantitative elastography combined with B-mode ultrasound. Histopathology was used as reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were estimated, and a ROC curve analysis was conducted. Three elastography cutoff values were considered: 36, 50 and 80 kPa. RESULTS: We included 143 women (mean age of 56 years) with a total of 145 breast lesions: 68 benign tumors (47.26%) and 77 malignancies (52.74%). Mean elasticity measurements of benign and malignant lesions were significantly different (24.6 kPa, SD 28.47, vs. 101.49 kPa, SD 47.38, [Formula: see text]). Using the 50 kPa cutoff, elastography showed a global sensitivity of 87% to discriminate malignant lesions (AUC = 0.897). Moreover, sensitivity was 90.7% when lesions were located 5-40 mm below the skin surface (optimal elastographic field of view). Our false positive rate was 17.65%, comprised mainly of fibroepithelial neoplasms, fibroadenomas and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative elastography can differentiate malignant and benign breast lesions with acceptable to excellent performance. In our sample, the QelaXtoTM software showed a lower optimal cutoff than other ultrasound systems.

Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el acceso al tratamiento de cáncer cervicouterino en Jujuy / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to cervical cancer treatment in Jujuy

INTRODUCCIÓN La pandemia de COVID-19 presentó una exigencia sin precedentes para los sistemas de salud. En este contexto, el tratamiento de las mujeres con cáncer cervicouterino tuvo que afrontar nuevos desafíos. OBJETIVOS El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el acceso al tratamiento de cáncer cervicouterino (CC) en el sistema público de salud de Jujuy. METODOLOGÍA Se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto (cuantitativo-cualitativo), que combinó un diseño cuasiexperimental a través de un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva ­análisis antes/después de la pandemia de COVID-19, con un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres y profesionales de la salud. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 163 mujeres con diagnóstico de CC. Los resultados preliminares mostraron que el 80% de las mujeres registró inicio de tratamiento (mediana 60 días). En los estadios que inician su tratamiento con cirugía la mediana de inicio fue de 36 días en pandemia vs 60 en prepandemia. Las mujeres diagnosticadas en pandemia poseen mayor probabilidad de no cumplimiento, ya sea por extenderse en los tiempos recomendados o por no completar todas las modalidades terapéuticas indicadas según el estadio de la enfermedad. DISCUSIÓN Nuestro estudio permitió relevar que el no cumplimiento de los tiempos de tratamiento recomendados para CC continúa siendo un problema de salud pública, y que se ha agravado en contexto de pandemia de COVID-19.

[Extremely elevated erythrosedimentation in an adult population in the City of Buenos Aires]. / Eritrosedimentación extremadamente elevada en una población de adultos en la ciudad de Buenos Aires.

BACKGROUND: An extremely elevated erythrosedimentation rate (ESR), defined as equal or higher than 100 mm/h, has been linked to serious underlying conditions, such as infections, connective tissue and oncologic disease. AIM: To analyze a group of patients in order to determine the underlying diagnosis and the characteristics associated with extremely elevated ESR in our environment. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of adult patients, who presented with at least one ESR equal or higher than 100 mm/h at Hospital Italiano, in Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires, Argentina) between January 2002 and August 2014. RESULTS: During the previously stated period of time, we analyzed the results of 879 patients. All patients were over 18 years of age. The median for the ESR results was 111 mm/h (interquartile range 105-120). The most prevalent etiology of an elevated ESR was infectious (41.64%), followed by malignancies (21.62%) and autoimmune / inflammatory diseases (12.97%). The most frequent individual diagnosis found was pneumonia (11.49%), followed by undetermined causes (5.92%). CONCLUSION: When comparing inpatient versus outpatient populations, the most frequent cause was infectious in the former group, while malignancies were the most frequent diagnosis in the latter.

Eritrosedimentación extremadamente elevada en una población de adultos en la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Extremely elevated erythrosedimentation in an adult population in the City of Buenos Aires

Resumen Introducción: Una velocidad de eritrosedimentación (VHS) extremadamente elevada, definida como mayor o igual a 100 mm/h, se ha asociado a condiciones graves subyacentes como enfermedades infecciosas, enfermedades del colágeno u oncológicas. Objetivo: Analizar un grupo de pacientes para determinar los diagnósticos de base y las características que se asocian con valores de VHS mayores a 100 mm/h en nuestro medio. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio tipo observacional de corte transversal, con recolección retrospectiva de datos de pacientes adultos con al menos un valor de VHS mayor o igual a 100 mm/h, registrado en el laboratorio entre enero de 2002 y agosto de 2014 en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Resultados: Durante el período evaluado se analizaron 879 pacientes mayores de 18 años. La mediana de los valores de VHS fue 111 mm/h (Rango intercuartil 105-120). La etiología prevalente de VHS elevada fueron las enfermedades infecciosas (41,6%), seguida de malignidad (21,6%) y de autoinmune/inflamatoria (12,9%). El diagnóstico individual más frecuente fue el de neumonía (11,4%), seguido por causa indeterminada (5,9%). Conclusión: En pacientes internados, la causa más frecuente de VHS ≥ 100 mm/h fue las enfermedades infecciosas, mientras que en pacientes ambulatorios la causa más frecuente fue la malignidad.

Background: An extremely elevated erythrosedimentation rate (ESR), defined as equal or higher than 100 mm/h, has been linked to serious underlying conditions, such as infections, connective tissue and oncologic disease. Aim: To analyze a group of patients in order to determine the underlying diagnosis and the characteristics associated with extremely elevated ESR in our environment. Methods: Cross-sectional study of adult patients, who presented with at least one ESR equal or higher than 100 mm/h at Hospital Italiano, in Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires, Argentina) between January 2002 and August 2014. Results: During the previously stated period of time, we analyzed the results of 879 patients. All patients were over 18 years of age. The median for the ESR results was 111 mm/h (interquartile range 105-120). The most prevalent etiology of an elevated ESR was infectious (41.64%), followed by malignancies (21.62%) and autoimmune / inflammatory diseases (12.97%). The most frequent individual diagnosis found was pneumonia (11.49%), followed by undetermined causes (5.92%). Conclusion: When comparing inpatient versus outpatient populations, the most frequent cause was infectious in the former group, while malignancies were the most frequent diagnosis in the latter.

[Clinical characteristics of adult patients with herpetic meningoencephalitis: a nested case control study]. / Variables clínicas asociadas al diagnóstico de meningo-encefalitis herpética en pacientes adultos: un estudio anidado de casos y controles.

INTRODUCTION: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common etiology of sporadic encephalitis and presents with an estimated mortality of 50-70%. OBJECTIVE: To describe baseline characteristics of patients with herpetic encephalitis admitted to a tertiary teaching hospital and their difference with patients with non herpetic encephalitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nested case control study using a retrospective cohort of patients with suspected encephalitis admitted to the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (2006-2013). Adult patients included had a lumbar puncture with a positive or negative polimerase reaction for HSV. A case of herpetic encephalitis was defined as a positive polimerase reaction in spinal fluid. For each case, 5 controls were randomly selected. RESULTS: There were no baseline differences present between cases and controls. The only covariate associated with herpetic encephalitis was an abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (OR: 5.37, IC 95% 1.42-20.38, p < 0.01). The most frecuent alterations in the MRI were extratemporal lesions or temporal ones with or without haemorrhage. DISCUSSION: There are no apparent baseline clinical differences between patients with or without herpetic encephalitis. A positive finding in a brain MRI should be taken into account during clinical workup.

Variables clínicas asociadas al diagnóstico de meningo-encefalitis herpética en pacientes adultos: un estudio anidado de casos y controles / Clinical characteristics of adult patients with herpetic meningoencephalitis: a nested case control study

Introduction: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common etiology of sporadic encephalitis and presents with an estimated mortality of 50-70%. Objective: To describe baseline characteristics of patients with herpetic encephalitis admitted to a tertiary teaching hospital and their difference with patients with non herpetic encephalitis. Materials and Methods: Nested case control study using a retrospective cohort of patients with suspected encephalitis admitted to the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (2006-2013). Adult patients included had a lumbar puncture with a positive or negative polimerase reaction for HSV. A case of herpetic encephalitis was defined as a positive polimerase reaction in spinal fluid. For each case, 5 controls were randomly selected. Results: There were no baseline differences present between cases and controls. The only covariate associated with herpetic encephalitis was an abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (OR: 5.37, IC 95% 1.42-20.38, p < 0.01). The most frecuent alterations in the MRI were extratemporal lesions or temporal ones with or without haemorrhage. Discussion: There are no apparent baseline clinical differences between patients with or without herpetic encephalitis. A positive finding in a brain MRI should be taken into account during clinical workup.

Introducción: El virus herpes simplex (VHS) es la causa reportada más común de encefalitis esporádica con una mortalidad estimada de 50 a 70%. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con encefalitis herpética (EH) en nuestro medio y sus variables clínicas asociadas. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio anidado de casos y controles sobre una cohorte retrospectiva en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (2006-2013). Se incluyeron pacientes adultos con sospecha de encefalitis a quienes se les realizó una punción lumbar con posterior reacción de polimerasa en cadena para VHS en líquido cefalorraquídeo. Por cada caso (reacción positiva para VHS) se tomaron cinco controles aleatoriamente seleccionados. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas en las características demográficas y clínicas entre los casos de EH y los controles. La única variable clínica asociada al diagnóstico de EH fue la alteración en la resonancia magnética (RM) de cerebro (OR: 5,37, IC 95% 1,4220,38; p < 0,01). Los patrones más comunes de alteración en la RM fueron las lesiones extra-temporales o lesiones temporales con o sin hemorragia. Discusión: Este hallazgo nos hace jerarquizar el hallazgo de un resultado positivo en la RM durante la valoración inicial de un paciente con clínica compatible de EH.